People: placement of students, researchers and collaborators in companies or in the public or voluntary sectors is a direct way of exchanging knowledge on a short-term.
Publication and events: knowledge is transferred through publication of research outputs, and through events and networking.
Collaborative research: development of new products and services in collaboration with other organizations (companies, R&D institutions).
Contract research (Services): perform analysis or studies on demand to other organizations (companies, R&D institutions).
Consultancy: provision of domain-specific expert advice and training to external clients by university staff.
Licencing: Granting the right to use specific research outputs
New businesses: Bringing research outputs to market through the formation of a new business, the often called spin-off companies.